四、WEB开发(一)

1、简介

使用SpringBoot

  1. 创建SpringBoot应用,选中我们需要的模块;
  2. SpringBoot已经默认将这些场景配置好了,只需要在配置文件中指定少量配置就可以运行起来
  3. 自己编写业务代码;

这个场景SpringBoot帮我们配置了什么?能不能修改?能修改哪些配置?能不能扩展?xxx

xxxxAutoConfiguration:帮我们给容器中自动配置组件;
xxxxProperties:配置类来封装配置文件的内容;

2、SpringBoot对静态资源的映射规则;

@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.resources", ignoreUnknownFields = false)
public class ResourceProperties implements ResourceLoaderAware {
  //可以设置和静态资源有关的参数,缓存时间等
WebMvcAuotConfiguration:
@Override
public void addResourceHandlers(ResourceHandlerRegistry registry) {
	if (!this.resourceProperties.isAddMappings()) {
		logger.debug("Default resource handling disabled");
		return;
	}
	Integer cachePeriod = this.resourceProperties.getCachePeriod();
	if (!registry.hasMappingForPattern("/webjars/**")) {
		customizeResourceHandlerRegistration(
				registry.addResourceHandler("/webjars/**")
						.addResourceLocations(
								"classpath:/META-INF/resources/webjars/")
				.setCachePeriod(cachePeriod));
	}
	String staticPathPattern = this.mvcProperties.getStaticPathPattern();
  	//静态资源文件夹映射
	if (!registry.hasMappingForPattern(staticPathPattern)) {
		customizeResourceHandlerRegistration(
				registry.addResourceHandler(staticPathPattern)
						.addResourceLocations(
								this.resourceProperties.getStaticLocations())
				.setCachePeriod(cachePeriod));
	}
}
//配置欢迎页映射
@Bean
public WelcomePageHandlerMapping welcomePageHandlerMapping(
		ResourceProperties resourceProperties) {
	return new WelcomePageHandlerMapping(resourceProperties.getWelcomePage(),
			this.mvcProperties.getStaticPathPattern());
}
//配置喜欢的图标
@Configuration
@ConditionalOnProperty(value = "spring.mvc.favicon.enabled", matchIfMissing = true)
public static class FaviconConfiguration {
	private final ResourceProperties resourceProperties;
	public FaviconConfiguration(ResourceProperties resourceProperties) {
		this.resourceProperties = resourceProperties;
	}
	@Bean
	public SimpleUrlHandlerMapping faviconHandlerMapping() {
		SimpleUrlHandlerMapping mapping = new SimpleUrlHandlerMapping();
		mapping.setOrder(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE + 1);
      	//所有  **/favicon.ico 
		mapping.setUrlMap(Collections.singletonMap("**/favicon.ico",
				faviconRequestHandler()));
		return mapping;
	}
	@Bean
	public ResourceHttpRequestHandler faviconRequestHandler() {
		ResourceHttpRequestHandler requestHandler = new ResourceHttpRequestHandler();
		requestHandler
				.setLocations(this.resourceProperties.getFaviconLocations());
		return requestHandler;
	}
}
  1. 所有 /webjars/** ,都去 classpath:/META-INF/resources/webjars/ 找资源;
    1. webjars:以jar包的方式引入静态资源;
    2. localhost:8080/webjars/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.js
      <!--引入jquery-webjar-->在访问的时候只需要写webjars下面资源的名称即可
      <dependency>
      	<groupId>org.webjars</groupId>
      	<artifactId>jquery</artifactId>
      	<version>3.3.1</version>
      </dependency>
      
  2. "/**" 访问当前项目的任何资源,都去(静态资源的文件夹)找映射
    "classpath:/META-INF/resources/", 
    "classpath:/resources/",
    "classpath:/static/", 
    "classpath:/public/" 
    "/":当前项目的根路径
    
    localhost:8080/abc === 去静态资源文件夹里面找abc
  3. 欢迎页; 静态资源文件夹下的所有index.html页面;被"/**"映射; localhost:8080/ 找index页面
  4. 所有的 **/favicon.ico 都是在静态资源文件下找;

3、模板引擎

JSP、Velocity、FreeMarker、Thymeleaf

SpringBoot推荐的Thymeleaf;语法更简单,功能更强大;

1、引入thymeleaf;

<dependency>
	<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
	<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
  	2.1.6
</dependency>
<!--切换thymeleaf版本-->
<properties>
	<thymeleaf.version>3.0.9.RELEASE</thymeleaf.version>
	<!-- 布局功能的支持程序  thymeleaf3主程序  layout2以上版本 -->
	<!-- thymeleaf2   layout1-->
	<thymeleaf-layout-dialect.version>2.2.2</thymeleaf-layout-dialect.version>
  </properties>

2、Thymeleaf使用

@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.thymeleaf")
public class ThymeleafProperties {
	private static final Charset DEFAULT_ENCODING = Charset.forName("UTF-8");
	private static final MimeType DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE = MimeType.valueOf("text/html");
	public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = "classpath:/templates/";
	public static final String DEFAULT_SUFFIX = ".html";

只要我们把HTML页面放在classpath:/templates/,thymeleaf就能自动渲染;

  1. 导入thymeleaf的名称空间
    <html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
    
  2. 使用thymeleaf语法
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>成功!</h1>
        <!--th:text 将div里面的文本内容设置为 -->
        <div th:text="${hello}">这是显示欢迎信息</div>
    </body>
    </html>
    

3、语法规则

  1. th:text;改变当前元素里面的文本内容;th:任意HTML属性;来替换原生属性的值
  2. 表达式
    Simple expressions:(表达式语法)
        Variable Expressions: ${...}:获取变量值;OGNL;
        		1)、获取对象的属性、调用方法
        		2)、使用内置的基本对象:
        			#ctx : the context object.
        			#vars: the context variables.
                    #locale : the context locale.
                    #request : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpServletRequest object.
                    #response : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpServletResponse object.
                    #session : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpSession object.
                    #servletContext : (only in Web Contexts) the ServletContext object.
                    ${session.foo}
                3)、内置的一些工具对象:
    #execInfo : information about the template being processed.
    #messages : methods for obtaining externalized messages inside variables expressions, in the same way as they would be obtained using #{…} syntax.
    #uris : methods for escaping parts of URLs/URIs
    #conversions : methods for executing the configured conversion service (if any).
    #dates : methods for java.util.Date objects: formatting, component extraction, etc.
    #calendars : analogous to #dates , but for java.util.Calendar objects.
    #numbers : methods for formatting numeric objects.
    #strings : methods for String objects: contains, startsWith, prepending/appending, etc.
    #objects : methods for objects in general.
    #bools : methods for boolean evaluation.
    #arrays : methods for arrays.
    #lists : methods for lists.
    #sets : methods for sets.
    #maps : methods for maps.
    #aggregates : methods for creating aggregates on arrays or collections.
    #ids : methods for dealing with id attributes that might be repeated (for example, as a result of an iteration).
        Selection Variable Expressions: *{...}:选择表达式:和${}在功能上是一样;
        	补充:配合 th:object="${session.user}:
       <div th:object="${session.user}">
        <p>Name: <span th:text="*{firstName}">Sebastian</span>.</p>
        <p>Surname: <span th:text="*{lastName}">Pepper</span>.</p>
        <p>Nationality: <span th:text="*{nationality}">Saturn</span>.</p>
        </div>
        Message Expressions: #{...}:获取国际化内容
        Link URL Expressions: @{...}:定义URL;
        		@{/order/process(execId=${execId},execType='FAST')}
        Fragment Expressions: ~{...}:片段引用表达式
        		<div th:insert="~{commons :: main}">...</div>
    Literals(字面量)
          Text literals: 'one text' , 'Another one!' ,…
          Number literals: 0 , 34 , 3.0 , 12.3 ,…
          Boolean literals: true , false
          Null literal: null
          Literal tokens: one , sometext , main ,…
    Text operations:(文本操作)
        String concatenation: +
        Literal substitutions: |The name is ${name}|
    Arithmetic operations:(数学运算)
        Binary operators: + , - , * , / , %
        Minus sign (unary operator): -
    Boolean operations:(布尔运算)
        Binary operators: and , or
        Boolean negation (unary operator): ! , not
    Comparisons and equality:(比较运算)
        Comparators: > , < , >= , <= ( gt , lt , ge , le )
        Equality operators: == , != ( eq , ne )
    Conditional operators:条件运算(三元运算符)
        If-then: (if) ? (then)
        If-then-else: (if) ? (then) : (else)
        Default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue)
    Special tokens:
        No-Operation: _
    

4、SpringMVC自动配置

1. Spring MVC auto-configuration

Spring Boot 自动配置好了SpringMVC。以下是SpringBoot对SpringMVC的默认配置:(WebMvcAutoConfiguration)

  • Inclusion of ContentNegotiatingViewResolver and BeanNameViewResolver beans.
    • 自动配置了ViewResolver(视图解析器:根据方法的返回值得到视图对象(View),视图对象决定如何渲染(转发?重定向?))
    • ContentNegotiatingViewResolver:组合所有的视图解析器的;
    • 如何定制:我们可以自己给容器中添加一个视图解析器;自动的将其组合进来;
  • Support for serving static resources, including support for WebJars (see below).静态资源文件夹路径,webjars
  • Static index.html support. 静态首页访问
  • Custom Favicon support (see below). favicon.ico
  • 自动注册了 of Converter, GenericConverter, Formatter beans.
    • Converter:转换器; public String hello(User user):类型转换使用Converter
    • Formatter 格式化器; 2017.12.17===Date;
@Bean
@ConditionalOnProperty(prefix = "spring.mvc", name = "date-format")//在文件中配置日期格式化的规则
public Formatter<Date> dateFormatter() {
	return new DateFormatter(this.mvcProperties.getDateFormat());//日期格式化组件
}

自己添加的格式化器转换器,我们只需要放在容器中即可

  • Support for HttpMessageConverters (see below).
    • HttpMessageConverter:SpringMVC用来转换Http请求和响应的;User---Json;
    • HttpMessageConverters 是从容器中确定;获取所有的HttpMessageConverter; 自己给容器中添加HttpMessageConverter,只需要将自己的组件注册容器中(@Bean,@Component)
  • Automatic registration of MessageCodesResolver (see below).定义错误代码生成规则
  • Automatic use of a ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer bean (see below). 我们可以配置一个ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer来替换默认的;(添加到容器)
    初始化WebDataBinder;
    请求数据=====JavaBean;
    

org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web:Web的所有自动场景;

If you want to keep Spring Boot MVC features, and you just want to add additional MVC configuration (interceptors, formatters, view controllers etc.) you can add your own @Configuration class of type WebMvcConfigurerAdapter, but without @EnableWebMvc. If you wish to provide custom instances of RequestMappingHandlerMapping, RequestMappingHandlerAdapter or ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver you can declare a WebMvcRegistrationsAdapter instance providing such components.

If you want to take complete control of Spring MVC, you can add your own @Configuration annotated with @EnableWebMvc.

2、扩展SpringMVC

    <mvc:view-controller path="/hello" view-name="success"/>
    <mvc:interceptors>
        <mvc:interceptor>
            <mvc:mapping path="/hello"/>
            <bean></bean>
        </mvc:interceptor>
    </mvc:interceptors>

编写一个配置类(@Configuration),是WebMvcConfigurerAdapter类型;不能标注@EnableWebMvc;

既保留了所有的自动配置,也能用我们扩展的配置;

//使用WebMvcConfigurerAdapter可以来扩展SpringMVC的功能
@Configuration
public class MyMvcConfig extends WebMvcConfigurerAdapter {
    @Override
    public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
       // super.addViewControllers(registry);
        //浏览器发送 /atguigu 请求来到 success
        registry.addViewController("/atguigu").setViewName("success");
    }
}

原理:

  1. WebMvcAutoConfiguration是SpringMVC的自动配置类
  2. 在做其他自动配置时会导入;@Import(EnableWebMvcConfiguration.class)
    @Configuration
    public static class EnableWebMvcConfiguration extends DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration {
        private final WebMvcConfigurerComposite configurers = new WebMvcConfigurerComposite();
     //从容器中获取所有的WebMvcConfigurer
        @Autowired(required = false)
        public void setConfigurers(List<WebMvcConfigurer> configurers) {
            if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(configurers)) {
                this.configurers.addWebMvcConfigurers(configurers);
              	//一个参考实现;将所有的WebMvcConfigurer相关配置都来一起调用;  
              	@Override
               // public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
                //    for (WebMvcConfigurer delegate : this.delegates) {
                 //       delegate.addViewControllers(registry);
                 //   }
                }
            }
    }
    
  3. 容器中所有的WebMvcConfigurer都会一起起作用;
  4. 我们的配置类也会被调用;

效果:SpringMVC的自动配置和我们的扩展配置都会起作用;

3、全面接管SpringMVC;

SpringBoot对SpringMVC的自动配置不需要了,所有都是我们自己配置;所有的SpringMVC的自动配置都失效了

我们需要在配置类中添加@EnableWebMvc即可;

//使用WebMvcConfigurerAdapter可以来扩展SpringMVC的功能
@EnableWebMvc
@Configuration
public class MyMvcConfig extends WebMvcConfigurerAdapter {
    @Override
    public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
       // super.addViewControllers(registry);
        //浏览器发送 /atguigu 请求来到 success
        registry.addViewController("/atguigu").setViewName("success");
    }
}

为什么@EnableWebMvc自动配置就失效了;

  1. @EnableWebMvc的核心
    @Import(DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration.class)
    public @interface EnableWebMvc {
    
  2. @Configuration
    public class DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration extends WebMvcConfigurationSupport {
    
  3. @Configuration
    @ConditionalOnWebApplication
    @ConditionalOnClass({ Servlet.class, DispatcherServlet.class,
    		WebMvcConfigurerAdapter.class })
    //容器中没有这个组件的时候,这个自动配置类才生效
    @ConditionalOnMissingBean(WebMvcConfigurationSupport.class)
    @AutoConfigureOrder(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE + 10)
    @AutoConfigureAfter({ DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration.class,
    		ValidationAutoConfiguration.class })
    public class WebMvcAutoConfiguration {
    
  4. @EnableWebMvc将WebMvcConfigurationSupport组件导入进来;
  5. 导入的WebMvcConfigurationSupport只是SpringMVC最基本的功能;

5、如何修改SpringBoot的默认配置

  1. SpringBoot在自动配置很多组件的时候,先看容器中有没有用户自己配置的(@Bean、@Component)如果有就用用户配置的,如果没有,才自动配置;如果有些组件可以有多个(ViewResolver)将用户配置的和自己默认的组合起来;
  2. 在SpringBoot中会有非常多的xxxConfigurer帮助我们进行扩展配置
  3. 在SpringBoot中会有很多的xxxCustomizer帮助我们进行定制配置